一、核心知识点
1. 被动语态的基本构成
被动语态由 be + 过去分词 构成，be 动词根据时态和人称变化。
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | do / does | am / is / are + done |
| 一般过去时 | did | was / were + done |
| 一般将来时 | will do | will be + done |
| 现在进行时 | am / is / are + doing | am / is / are + being + done |
| 过去进行时 | was / were + doing | was / were + being + done |
| 现在完成时 | have / has + done | have / has + been + done |
| 过去完成时 | had + done | had + been + done |
| 含情态动词 | can / may / must + do | can / may / must + be + done |
2. 被动语态的使用场合
| 场合 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 不知道动作的执行者 | My bike was stolen. |
| 不必指出动作的执行者 | English is spoken all over the world. |
| 强调动作的承受者 | The book was written by Lu Xun. |
| 客观说明 | It is said that he is rich. |
3. 被动语态的基本句型转换
| 成分 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 动作执行者 | 动作承受者 |
| 谓语 | 主动形式 | be + 过去分词 |
| 宾语 | 动作承受者 | 变为主语 |
| 执行者 | 主语 | by + 执行者（可省略） |
例句转换： - 主动：Tom wrote a book. - 被动：A book was written by Tom.
二、重点语法规则
规则1：双宾语的被动转换
| 主动语态 | 被动语态（两种） |
|---|---|
| He gave me a book. | I was given a book by him. / A book was given to me by him. |
| She taught us English. | We were taught English by her. / English was taught to us by her. |
规则2：感官动词/使役动词的被动
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|
| I saw him cross the road. | He was seen to cross the road. |
| We heard her sing a song. | She was heard to sing a song. |
| He made me laugh. | I was made to laugh by him. |
注意：主动语态中 see/hear/make 后接不带 to 的不定式，但变为被动语态时，必须加上 to。
规则3：不用被动语态的情况
| 情况 | 说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 不及物动词 | 没有宾语，无法变被动 | The sun rises.（不能说 is risen） |
| 系动词 | 表示状态，不是动作 | He is a teacher. |
| 反身代词作宾语 | 主语和宾语是同一人 | He taught himself English. |
| 相互代词作宾语 | each other / one another | They help each other. |
| 宾语与主语有所属关系 | I had my hair cut.（have sth. done 是特殊结构） |
规则4：主动表被动的特殊情况
| 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 感官系动词（feel, smell, taste, sound, look） | The flower smells good. |
| 某些动词（sell, wash, write, read, open, lock） | The book sells well. |
| need / want / require + doing | The car needs washing. = The car needs to be washed. |
| be worth + doing | The book is worth reading. |
三、常见易错点
| 易错点 | 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|---|
| 被动语态缺少 be 动词 | The book written by him. | The book is written by him. |
| 过去分词形式错误 | The window is broke. | The window is broken. |
| 感官动词被动漏 to | He was seen cross the road. | He was seen to cross the road. |
| 不及物动词变被动 | The accident was happened. | The accident happened. |
| by 后接主格 | by he | by him |
四、典型例题分析
例题1：一般现在时的被动
题目：English ______ all over the world. A. speaks B. is spoken C. is speaking
答案：B. is spoken
解析：English 是动作"说"的承受者，用被动语态。一般现在时的被动：am/is/are + 过去分词。
例题2：一般过去时的被动
题目：This painting ______ to a museum in Beijing in 2001. A. sells B. sold C. was sold
答案：C. was sold
解析：painting（画）是"卖"的承受者，用被动语态；in 2001 是过去时间，用一般过去时的被动：was/were + 过去分词。
例题3：含情态动词的被动
题目：The children ______ not to play with the knives. A. are told B. tell C. ask
答案：A. are told
解析：children 是"告诉"的承受者，用被动语态。结构为：be + 过去分词。
例题4：现在完成时的被动
题目：My homework ______ by a friend of mine yesterday. A. do B. did C. was done
答案：C. was done
解析：homework 是"做"的承受者，用被动语态；yesterday 是过去时间，用一般过去时的被动。
例题5：感官动词的被动
题目：He was made ______ the work alone. A. do B. to do C. doing
答案：B. to do
解析：make 在主动语态中接不带 to 的不定式（make sb. do），但变为被动语态时必须加上 to（be made to do）。
例题6：主动表被动
题目：This kind of car ______ well. A. is sold B. sells C. is selling
答案：B. sells
解析：sell, wash, write 等动词在某些情况下可以用主动形式表示被动含义，说明事物的性质或特征。
五、速记口诀
被动语态构成口诀：
被动语态 be 加 done，be 随时态来变换； 一般现在 am is are，一般过去 was were； 将来 will be done，完成 have been done。
被动转换口诀：
主动变被动，宾变主，主变 by 宾； 动词变为 be done，时态人称要对应； 感官使役变被动，不定式前 to 要补。
不用被动口诀：
不及物词无被动，系表结构也相同； happen belong take place，这些动词无被动。