一、核心知识点
1. 指示代词
| 代词 | 含义 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| this | 这个 | 指代近处的单数人或物 | This is my book. |
| that | 那个 | 指代远处的单数人或物 | That is your pen. |
| these | 这些 | 指代近处的复数人或物 | These are apples. |
| those | 那些 | 指代远处的复数人或物 | Those are oranges. |
电话用语特例：This is ... (speaking). 表示"我是……"，That is ... 表示"你是……/那是……"
2. 不定代词
| 代词 | 含义 | 用法特点 |
|---|---|---|
| some | 一些 | 用于肯定句，修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词 |
| any | 任何/一些 | 用于否定句和疑问句 |
| many | 许多 | 修饰可数名词复数 |
| much | 许多 | 修饰不可数名词 |
| a few | 几个（肯定） | 修饰可数名词复数，表示"有一些" |
| few | 很少（否定） | 修饰可数名词复数，表示"几乎没有" |
| a little | 一点（肯定） | 修饰不可数名词，表示"有一点" |
| little | 很少（否定） | 修饰不可数名词，表示"几乎没有" |
| both | 两者都 | 表示两个人或物都…… |
| all | 全部 | 表示三者或三者以上都…… |
| either | 两者中的任意一个 | 与 or 搭配：either A or B |
| neither | 两者都不 | 与 nor 搭配：neither A nor B |
| none | 三者或三者以上都不 | 可与 of 搭配 |
| each | 每一个（强调个体） | 可与 of 搭配，谓语动词用单数 |
| every | 每一个（强调整体） | 不与 of 搭配，只作形容词用 |
3. 复合不定代词
| 指人 | 指物 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| someone / somebody | something | 某人/某事 |
| anyone / anybody | anything | 任何人/任何事 |
| everyone / everybody | everything | 每个人/每件事 |
| no one / nobody | nothing | 没有人/没有事 |
重要规则： - 复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数 - 形容词修饰复合不定代词时，形容词要后置：something important, nothing special
4. 疑问代词
| 代词 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 谁（主格） | Who is he? |
| whom | 谁（宾格） | To whom did you speak? |
| whose | 谁的 | Whose book is this? |
| what | 什么 | What is your name? |
| which | 哪一个 | Which one do you like? |
二、重点语法规则
规则1：some vs any
| 句式 | 用词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 | some | I have some books. |
| 否定句 | any | I don't have any books. |
| 一般疑问句 | any | Do you have any books? |
| 表示请求/建议的疑问句 | some | Would you like some tea? |
| 希望得到肯定回答的疑问句 | some | Could I have some water? |
规则2：few / a few / little / a little
| 词 | 修饰对象 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| few | 可数名词复数 | 很少，几乎没有（否定） | Few people know the truth. |
| a few | 可数名词复数 | 有一些（肯定） | I have a few friends. |
| little | 不可数名词 | 很少，几乎没有（否定） | There is little water. |
| a little | 不可数名词 | 有一点（肯定） | I have a little money. |
口诀：有 a 表肯定，无 a 表否定；few 接可数，little 接不可数。
规则3：both / all / either / neither / none
| 词 | 范围 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| both | 两者 | 都 | Both of them are students. |
| either | 两者 | 任意一个 | Either you or I am right. |
| neither | 两者 | 都不 | Neither of them likes coffee. |
| all | 三者及以上 | 都 | All of us are here. |
| none | 三者及以上 | 都不 | None of them is/are here. |
规则4：each vs every
| 区别 | each | every |
|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 强调个体，"每一个" | 强调整体，"每个都" |
| 范围 | 可用于两者或两者以上 | 只能用于三者或三者以上 |
| 搭配 | 可与 of 连用 | 不可与 of 连用 |
| 例句 | Each student has a book. / Each of them has a book. | Every student has a book. |
三、常见易错点
| 易错点 | 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|---|
| 复合不定代词形容词位置 | something importantly | something important |
| both 与谓语一致 | Both he and I is right. | Both he and I are right. |
| either...or 主谓一致 | Either you or he are wrong. | Either you or he is wrong.（就近原则） |
| neither...nor 主谓一致 | Neither Tom nor his friends is here. | Neither Tom nor his friends are here.（就近原则） |
| every 后接单数 | Every student have a book. | Every student has a book. |
四、典型例题分析
例题1：指示代词
题目：__ my English book and ____ books are theirs. A. This is; that B. This is; those C. These are; those
答案：C. These are; those
解析：books 是复数，所以前面要用复数形式的指示代词。These are... and those... 表示"这些是……那些是……"。
例题2：不定代词辨析
题目：—Do you have __ stickers? —Yes, I have ____. A. any; some B. some; any C. any; any
答案：A. any; some
解析：疑问句中用 any，肯定句中用 some。
例题3：few / a few / little / a little
题目：There is ______ milk in the fridge. Let's go and buy some. A. a little B. little C. a few
答案：B. little
解析：milk 是不可数名词，排除 C；后面说"去买一些"，说明"几乎没有"了，表否定用 little。
例题4：复合不定代词
题目：Will you please give the boy ______ to eat? A. favorite something B. different anything C. something delicious
答案：C. something delicious
解析：形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置，排除 A；something delicious 表示"一些好吃的东西"，符合句意。
例题5：both / all / neither / none
题目：—Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? —______. I just want a glass of water. A. Both B. Neither C. All D. None
答案：B. Neither
解析：范围是两者（tea or coffee），排除 C 和 D；后面说"只要水"，说明两者都不要，用 Neither。
例题6：each vs every
题目：______ of the students in our class has a dictionary. A. Every B. Each C. All
答案：B. Each
解析：every 不能与 of 连用，排除 A；all 后面谓语动词用复数，但句中谓语是 has（单数），排除 C；each of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语，符合语法规则。
五、速记口诀
指示代词口诀：
this these 指近处，that those 指远处； this that 表单数，these those 表复数。
some / any 口诀：
肯定句中用 some，否定疑问用 any； 请求建议用 some，盼望肯定也用 some。
few / little 口诀：
有 a 肯定无 a 否，few 可数 little 不可； a few 有一些，few 表否定； a little 有一点，little 表否定。
both / all 口诀：
both 两者都，all 三者全； either 二选一，neither 两不选； none 三者都不，each every 每一个。